International Journal of Emerging Business and Economic Trends

Gauging the Fuel Price Volatility using GARCH Models

Abdul Ghaffar — 2024-01-03

This study examines the fuel price volatility in Pakistan. The daily time series data for two fuel prices, petrol and diesel, were obtained from January 3, 2010, to October 30, 2023. Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity – a univariate time series econometric model is applied where it was found that ARCH and GARCH effects are significant for both fuel price returns at a 1 per cent significance level. The mean reversion coefficients for petrol and diesel are 0.9076 and 0.8895, respectively, showing that petrol prices observe a slow mean reversion as it is closer to 1 (α+β→1). This is further evident with the half-life analysis, which shows the speed of mean reversion and concludes that petrol prices are more volatile as it has eight days to revert to the mean position compared with six days for diesel.

Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction in Pakistan

Saima Munawar — 2024-01-03

Job satisfaction has different interpretations according to various definitions and represents one of the most complex areas for organizations to manage their employees. The subjective nature of job satisfaction and the diverse needs of every employee make it difficult to lock in definite factors that affect job satisfaction. This study aims to explore the effect of Organizational Justice, Leadership behaviour, and Perceived Organizational Support on job satisfaction in Pakistan’s job market. A sample of 173 professionals from different organizations was selected for this study. The results show that perceived stress and organizational justice do not have a significant relationship with job satisfaction. In contrast, leadership behaviour and perceived organizational support have a significant relationship with job satisfaction. The Methodology used for this research is Smart PLS 4.0 software through which we have evaluated the mediation effect in hypothesis testing. We have also used SPSS for statistics analysis.

The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Financial Performance of Banks Listed on the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX): Empirical Investigation from 2010 to 2022.

Imran Farooque — 2024-01-03

Abstract:

In recent years, "corporate governance" has come to be seen as increasingly critical for businesses of all sizes. Better corporate governance practices, which guarantee that businesses are run in an open, accountable, and ethical manner, can be attributed to improved financial performance. While good corporate governance practices can improve financial performance and increase returns, poor practices can cause financial scandals and the erosion of shareholder value. The significance of sound corporate governance practices has recently come to be understood in Pakistan. The primary goal of corporate governance is to protect shareholders and other business partners from harm. More specifically, Agrawal and Cooper (2017) note that preventing fraud, scandals, misrepresentation, and other forms of corporate wrongdoing necessitates effective corporate administrative measures. Contrarily, poor corporate governance fosters a culture of dishonesty and misrepresentation, which can be extremely harmful to the company and its stakeholders. According to recent research, investors favor investing in businesses that uphold strict corporate governance standards. Strong governance directly leads to better financial outcomes and greater shareholder wealth. The scope of this research was limited to commercial banks trading on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The findings of this research will help fill in the gaps in our understanding of how poor corporate governance affects the financial health of Pakistan's banking industry. While corporate governance is essential for ensuring that businesses are transparent and accountable, little is known about the link between corporate governance practices and financial performance in the Pakistani context. A total of three financial performance indicators were used i.e. Return on Assets(ROA), and Return on Equity(ROE). Four independent variables were used in the research i.e. CEO duality, the ratio of females to Directors, institutional ownership, and the size of the BOD. Secondary data used in this research were obtained from annual reports of the companies published on the official websites from 2010 to 2022. The analysis examines the effects of variables like the proportion of male to female-directors, institutional ownership, board size, and CEO duality on ROE. There was no statistically significant relationship found between ROE and CEO duality, the percentage of women on the board, or the total number of board members. However, institutional ownership and ROE have a favorable and statistically significant relationship. This suggests that higher profitability relative to shareholders' equity is associated with insider ownership. The effects of institutional ownership on measures such as return on assets (ROA), board size, gender parity on boards, and CEO duality are examined. There is no evidence that any of the independent variables had a significant effect on ROA.

Gauging the Level of EQ and IQ among University Students

Gulle Zahra — 2024-01-03

This study empirically attempts to gauge university-going students' Emotional quotient (EQ) and Intelligence quotient (IQ) levels. A sample of 200 respondents was collected via purposive sampling technique. A data collection instrument based on a five-point Likert scale was adopted for the study. The results depict that students possess a significant level of EQ (t = 4.09, p<0.01) and IQ (t = 6.07, p<0.01). A gender-wise comparison shows that both males and females have equal levels of intelligence (EQ: t = 0.192, p = 0.848; IQ: t = 0.02, p = 0.984). Moreover, age-wise comparison also reflects no statistically significant difference in the intelligence quantum across different age groups (EQ: F = 1.8, p = 0.129; IQ: F = 0.748, p = 0.561).

Factors Affecting the Employees’ Psychological Well-Being in Pakistan

Ashar Sartaj — 2024-01-03

After the pandemic, global uncertainty came into existence and has become one of the biggest issues around the globe. Given this, this research study is focused on factors that affect the psychological well-being of employees in Pakistan and studies the mediating effect of work-life balance between numerous factors and psychological well-being. In this research, we used a quantitative approach, and 175 responses were selected from people working in Pakistan. The information that was collected through the questionnaire was done online. The data was tested in Smart PLS to see all the links between the variables. The results of our study revealed that all independent variables have a significant effect on psychological well-being. This study proves that work-life balance partially mediates the relationship between job insecurity, job engagement and an employee's psychological well-being. This study can assist managers and human resources empower their staff within their organisations. The findings can be used to assist organisations in determining the possible causes of the reduction in the psychological well-being of employees in Pakistan.